![]() ![]() The speed of the water current has a great impact on the development of the algal flora. While the maximum density of the epipelic community was found to be 12083 cells/cm2 in August, the minumum density was 3855 cells/cm2 in December. (Fragilariaceae) were the most common taxa in the algal flora. (Surirellaceae) and Synedra ulna (Nitzsch) Ehr. (Cymbellaceae), Cocconeis placentula var, euglypta (Ehr.) Cleve (Achnanthaceae). Bacillariophyta was dominant in the algal flora. The flora consisted of 74 taxa belonging to Bacillariophyta (52). The algae of Deǧirmendere River were investigated in the samples collected from different habitats (epipelic, epilithic) in five stations between October 1998 and September 1999. Furthermore, recent researches have demonstrated the efficiency of molecular techniques on enhancing the taxonomic resolutions and detecting the genetic diversity in river biomonitoring. However, functional measures have been increasingly applied as a complementary approach to reflecting ecological integrity. Among these techniques, biotic indices and multimetric approaches are most frequently used to evaluate the environment health of streams and rivers. Commonly used biomoniting approaches include diversity, biotic indices, multimetric approaches, multivariate approaches, functional feeding groups (FFGs) and multiple biological traits. Their importances in the ecosystems and advantages for biomonitoring have been described in detail. Periphyton, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish are the most common indicators in river biomonitoring, which can be used separately or contemporaneously. In this paper, we present a review on concepts, current use and anticipated future directions of biomonitoring approaches and bioindicators used for river ecosystems. Plant nutrition as silicate, nitrite and phosphates were also included and the study covered the types of algae in the study area Diatoms formed the majority types of phytoplankton available at the station followed by green algae and blue-green algae and euglena and Chrysophyta finally comes the peridian algae.and The results of the algae diagnosis showed 119 species of algae, which were divided into 6 2 populations divided into 7 species, 12 cultivars and 22 families comprising 54 species. ![]() The study included measurements of some physical factors as air and water temperature, Turbidity and electrical conductivity, as well as some chemical factors as pH, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, total alkalinity, salinity, and chloride. The ecological characteristics (physical, chemical and biological factors) where included during the study period started from November 2016 till June 2017. The other stations lie in between the previous two stations. The first was Arab region of China within the perimeter of the project area while the last station was Awejelah area. The current study was conducted to identify the algae present in the project of irrigation AL-Alam within the province of Salah al-Din and diagnosis.and knowledge of the extent and the impact on environmental factors surrounding at four station.
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